Which of the following is not a reason why corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute compared with individual crimes ?
A. victims may not realise that a crime has been committed
B. it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals
C. legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility
D. corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual
What is defined as ‘non-conformity to a given set or norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society ?
A. criminality
B. deviance
C. recidivism
D. degeneracy
Merton describes types of response to a situation where there are widely socially endorsed values but limited means of achieving them. Which of his types describes an acceptance of the values but willingness to use any means to achieve them?
A. Conformists
B. innovators
C. ritualists
D. retrealists
Which approach framed their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of this preservation of power by the ruling class ?
A. New Left Realism
B. Right Realism
C. new criminology
D. interactionism
Which of these is NOT an example of target hardening ?
A. anti-social behavior orders
B. Steering locks
C. burglar alrams
D. CCTV
What is the term that describes repeat offending by those who have been in prison ?
A. rehabilitation
B. deterrence
C. reform
D. recidivism
Lombroso claimed that ______?
A. criminals were socialized into an underworld of crime
B. no act is intrinsically deviant
C. biological failings drove some people into crime
D. women were less likely to be arrested than men
The term ‘secondary deviation refers to ______?
A. The punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts
B. the labelling of an act as deviant through social reaction to it
C. the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action
D. All of the above
The Mafia is an example of _____?
A. White collar crime
B. organized crime
C. none-criminal deviance
D. global terrorism
How is terrorism different from the types of crime described by the Chicago School ?
A. it is a committed on a larger, often global, scale, and is well organized
B. it is associated with political conflict between states and their citizens
C. it can have far-reaching effects upon international relations
D. all of the above
